A Review on Recent Progress in the Synthetic Methodologies and Biological Significance of Thiazole-Containing Schiff Base Ligands and their Metal Complexes

Author(s): Dr. AS Tekale

Abstract:

Thiazole-containing Schiff bases occupy a privileged position at the interface of heterocyclic, coordination, and medicinal chemistry. The union of an electron-rich, aromatic 1,3-thiazole ring (C3H3NS) with a reactive azomethine (–CH=N–) linkage yields ligands that are synthetically accessible, structurally tunable, and able to chelate a wide range of transition-metal ions through N, O, and S donor atoms. This review summarizes recent progress in the rational design and synthesis of thiazole-derived Schiff base ligands, the growing adoption of green and energy-efficient protocols (microwave, ultrasound, mechanochemical, and nanocatalytic routes), the coordination behaviour of these ligands toward first-row transition metals, and the analytical and computational toolbox used to characterize them. The biological significance of the resulting compounds—antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities—is discussed alongside the mechanistic rationale (Tweedy’s chelation theory, DNA binding and cleavage, enzyme inhibition, and ROS generation). Structure–activity relationships and the increasing role of DFT, molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and ADMET prediction are highlighted, and current challenges and future directions are outlined.

keywords:
Thiazole; Schiff base; azomethine; transition-metal complexes; chelation theory; antimicrobial; anticancer; antioxidant; green synthesis; molecular docking

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