Water Quality Assessment and Evaluation of Human Health Risk of Drinking Water in the Rohilkhand Region, Uttar Pradesh, India

Author(s): Dr. Ekata Singh, Dr. Barkha and Sanjana Rani

Abstract:

Access to safe drinking water is vital for public health. This study evaluates the quality of drinking-water sources in the Rohilkhand region, Uttar Pradesh, India, and assesses potential health risks. Thirty (n = 30) samples of groundwater, piped water, and pond water were collected from Pilibhit, Bareilly, and Budaun districts. Samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), nitrate, fluoride, arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Results were compared with WHO and BIS standards. Deterministic human health risk assessment was conducted using Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) and Hazard Quotient (HQ) for adults and children. Approximately 30–40% of samples exceeded guideline values, particularly for arsenic and nitrate. Hazard assessment showed HQ > 1 for children at several sites, indicating potential health concern. Findings highlight the urgent need for mitigation measures, safe water alternatives, and community awareness programs.

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